Internet of Things and smart cities

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of everyday devices that have embedded hardware and software, so that they can connect to each other and exchange data. They can then work together and be controlled remotely. From your smartphone, you might switch on a light bulb at home, start the microwave, adjust the AC, unlock the door, or watch the CCTV camera, wherever you are. A smart watch linked to your phone is another example.

Usually each device needs its own app. The Web of Things (WoT) uses web services to connect all of them through one interface. This paves the way for smart homes, offices and cities.

Sensors monitor the real world. In your phone, the accelerometer detects which way the phone is held (its orientation), so the screen can turn; the gyroscope tracks rotation. An ultrasonic sensor detects objects in front of it. A smart sensor takes input from its surroundings, processes it with its own built-in computing power, and passes on the result.

But connecting everything also brings a risk: a device on the internet, such as a home camera, can be hacked if it is not secured.

Growing cities face pressure on land, water, waste, air, health, traffic and safety. Smart cities use computers, communication technology and IoT to manage their resources efficiently: traffic lights, water supply, electricity, security cameras and even garbage collection. Examples from the book:

• smart buildings that detect earthquake tremors and warn nearby buildings;
• smart bridges that detect loose bolts or cracks, and alert the authorities by SMS;
• smart tunnels that detect leaks or traffic congestion.