Internet of Things and smart cities

A computer network usually links laptops, desktops, servers and phones. Imagine bulbs, fans and fridges joining it too.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of devices with embedded hardware and software that communicate (connect and exchange data) with other devices on the same network.

• Many home devices already have microcontrollers and software, but usually work in isolation, needing lots of human direction. IoT lets them work together as an intelligent network.
• For example, an internet-connected microwave, air conditioner, door lock or CCTV camera can be controlled remotely from a smartphone.

Web of Things (WoT). With IoT alone, controlling n different devices may need n different apps. WoT uses web services to connect anything in the physical world through one interface, paving the way for smart homes, offices and cities.

Sensors monitor and observe the real world, and smart sensors are driving IoT's growth.

• In a phone, the accelerometer detects the phone's orientation, and the gyroscope tracks rotation or twist, adding to the accelerometer's information.
• A smart sensor takes input from the physical environment, uses built-in computing to perform set functions when it detects certain input, and processes the data before passing it on.

Smart cities. Fast urbanisation strains land, water, waste, air, health and sanitation, traffic, public safety and infrastructure. Smart cities use computer and communication technology with IoT and WoT to manage resources efficiently:

• a smart building whose sensors detect earthquake tremors and warn nearby buildings;
• a smart bridge whose wireless sensors detect a loose bolt, cable or crack and alert authorities by SMS;
• a smart tunnel whose sensors detect leaks or congestion, sending data to a central computer.

Example (new): a smart water meter that notices water flowing steadily at 3 a.m. when the family is asleep, and sends a leak alert to their phone, is an IoT device saving water without anyone checking it by hand.