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Class 11

Biotechnology

65 lessons in 12 chapters, explained in plain words.

An Introduction to Biotechnology

  1. What biotechnology is and where it came from
  2. Biotechnology in medicine
  3. Crops, biofuels, food and the environment
  4. Biotechnology in India

Cellular Organelles

  1. The plasma membrane and transport
  2. Cell wall and the endomembrane system
  3. Mitochondria, plastids and ribosomes
  4. Microbodies, cytoskeleton and movement
  5. The nucleus and chromosomes

Biomolecules

  1. Carbohydrates: sugars and their isomers
  2. Polysaccharides
  3. Fatty acids and lipids
  4. Amino acids
  5. Protein structure
  6. Nucleic acids

Enzymes and Bioenergetics

  1. What enzymes are and how they bind substrates
  2. How fast enzymes work
  3. Enzyme inhibition and regulation
  4. Bioenergetics and ATP

Cellular Processes

  1. Cell signalling and an overview of metabolism
  2. Glycolysis and fermentation
  3. Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
  4. Photosynthesis: the light reactions
  5. The Calvin cycle and C4 plants
  6. The cell cycle and mitosis
  7. Meiosis
  8. Cell death, differentiation and migration

Basic Principles of Inheritance

  1. Mendel and the monohybrid cross
  2. Beyond simple dominance, and the dihybrid cross
  3. Linkage, crossing over and recombination
  4. Sex-linked and extrachromosomal inheritance
  5. Polyploidy and reverse genetics

Basic Processes

  1. DNA is the genetic material
  2. How genes and genomes are organised
  3. DNA replication: the model and the machinery
  4. DNA replication: the fork, leading and lagging strands
  5. Transcription
  6. The genetic code
  7. Translation
  8. Mutation and DNA repair
  9. Regulation of gene expression

Genetic Disorder

  1. Chromosomal abnormalities
  2. Syndromes of chromosome number
  3. Single-gene disorders and pedigrees
  4. Polygenic and mitochondrial disorders

Introduction to Bioinformatics

  1. Mathematics and statistics in biology
  2. What bioinformatics is
  3. Biological databases and visualisation
  4. Genome informatics and the Human Genome Project
  5. Genome analysis tools and the future of AI

Protein Informatics and Cheminformatics

  1. Protein informatics and protein data
  2. Predicting primary and secondary structure properties
  3. Predicting 3D structure and domains
  4. Cheminformatics: storing and searching chemicals
  5. From molecule to medicine

Programming and Systems Biology

  1. Programming in biology
  2. What systems biology is
  3. Doing systems biology: workflow, data and tools

Tools and Techniques: Basic Concepts

  1. Microscopy
  2. Centrifugation and electrophoresis
  3. ELISA
  4. Chromatography
  5. Spectroscopy and mass spectrometry
  6. FISH and DNA sequencing
  7. DNA microarrays and flow cytometry