Cyber crime

Cyber crime is crime committed in the digital world, where a computer is either the target or the tool. Just as a thief may break into a house, a cyber criminal may break into a computer. Viruses copy themselves and damage data; other malware gains unauthorised access to computers.

Hacking is gaining unauthorised access to a computer or network. Ethical (white hat) hackers are hired to find weaknesses so that security can be improved. Black hat hackers (crackers) break in to steal or damage.

Phishing uses fake emails or websites that look genuine, to trick people into giving away passwords, bank details and other personal information. An email that seems to come from your own bank, asking you to 'confirm' your password, is a typical example; making an email look as if it came from someone else is called email spoofing. Phishing also arrives by phone calls and SMS.

Identity theft is the misuse of someone's stolen personal data (Aadhaar or PAN numbers, bank login details). It can be financial (stealing money), criminal (using another's identity when committing crimes) or medical (getting treatment in someone else's name). Ransomware encrypts the victim's data so it cannot be used, and demands payment to unlock it.

How to protect yourself:

• Take regular backups of your data.
• Keep antivirus and all software updated; never use pirated software.
• Use only secure (HTTPS) and trusted websites.
• Use strong, different passwords for different accounts, and change them regularly. No real bank will ever ask for your password.
• Use private browsing on shared computers, and log out after use.
• Secure your home Wi-Fi with a password.