Health needs of children, adolescents and the differently abled

Childhood (up to 9 years) lays the foundation of a healthy life: food and nutrition, immunity and a positive family environment. Diarrhoea, pneumonia and fevers, poor living conditions and lack of services cause many deaths; every child must complete vaccination.

Adolescents (10-19 years), about one-fifth of India's people, face rapid changes, identity questions and peer pressure. Risks: malnutrition and obesity, substance abuse, stress and mental disorders, injuries, self-harm, violence and internet addiction; they need guidance, counselling and care.

Disability, as WHO puts it, covers impairments, activity limits and participation barriers: it reflects both the body and the society. About 2.21 per cent of Indians are disabled (Census 2011). The National Policy for Persons with Disabilities (2006) and the 2030 Agenda call for equal opportunity and inclusion.

India's figures: infant mortality fell to 34 in 2016 (Kerala 10, Madhya Pradesh 47); under-five mortality 39; stunting fell from 48 to 38 per cent of under-fives between 2005-06 and 2015-16; 21 per cent are wasted; anaemia among young children is highest in Haryana (72 per cent) and lowest in Mizoram (19 per cent).

Crime against children rose to 24 per lakh in 2016; POCSO cases were 34.4 per cent of them, showing the need for protection as well as health care.