अनुवाद की प्रक्रिया / The Process of Translation
Analysis, transference and restructuring
Teach the three-step process with an example.
Nida's process: first analyse the SL text (decoding, or deverbalisation), then carry its meaning across, and finally rebuild it in the TL (recoding). The translator reads as a reader and rewrites as a writer.
Transference: no one-to-one match exists between the grammar and words of two languages; know why the text is translated. Informative texts should read as if first written in the TL; with literary texts you may foreignise (it feels translated) or domesticate (it reads like a TL original).
Untranslatable words can be handled by paraphrase or explanation, a calque, word-for-word rendering ('dining leaf' for 'sappattu ilai'), borrowing ('Baaraat') or compensation (adding a short explanation).
Restructuring: focus on meaning, respect the grammar and culture of both languages, keep the writer's personality, and make it read as a contemporary piece.
In the English 'Idgah' (Nandini Nopany and P. Lal) chulha becomes 'hearth', aag 'hot coals', roti stays 'chapatti', tawa and sherbet are kept, and Hamid's first person becomes third person ('no one cared to offer him anything').
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