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Class 12

Biotechnology

77 lessons in 13 chapters, explained in plain words.

An Overview of Recombinant DNA Technology

  1. How rDNA technology began
  2. What rDNA technology has given us

Host–Vector System

  1. Host and vector: the two partners
  2. Plasmids and plasmid vectors
  3. Phage vectors, cosmids and phasmids
  4. Big inserts, expression and shuttle vectors

Gene Cloning

  1. Finding the gene and getting the DNA out
  2. The enzymes of rDNA technology
  3. Getting DNA into a host
  4. Finding the recombinants
  5. Blotting: Southern, Northern, Western
  6. PCR: copying DNA in a tube
  7. DNA libraries

Application of Recombinant DNA Technology

  1. DNA fingerprinting
  2. Making transgenic plants
  3. Making transgenic animals
  4. What transgenic plants do
  5. Transgenic animals at work, and the worries
  6. Gene therapy
  7. Recombinant vaccines
  8. Monoclonal antibodies
  9. Insulin and growth hormone from bacteria

Genome Technology and Engineering

  1. Genomes and how they are mapped
  2. Three generations of DNA sequencing
  3. What sequencing is used for
  4. Engineering genomes
  5. Making sense of genomes
  6. Protein engineering

Microbial Culture

  1. How microbiology began
  2. What microbes need
  3. Culture media
  4. Sterilisation
  5. Pure cultures and growth conditions
  6. The growth curve

Plant Tissue Culture

  1. What plant tissue culture is
  2. From explant to plantlet
  3. Plant culture media
  4. Culture types, micropropagation and synthetic seeds
  5. Haploids, hybrids, cybrids and virus-free plants
  6. Somaclonal variation and secondary metabolites

Animal Cell Culture

  1. What animal cell culture is
  2. Animal cell media and serum
  3. The cells' environment
  4. The cell culture laboratory
  5. Primary cultures, cell lines and storing cells
  6. Viability, advantages and uses

Stem Cell Culture and Organ Culture

  1. What stem cells are
  2. Stem cells by source
  3. Stem cells by potency, and plasticity
  4. Stem cell therapies and their challenges
  5. Organ culture and how it is kept alive
  6. Types, uses and limits of organ culture

Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing

  1. From metabolites to bioprocessing
  2. The bioreactor
  3. Upstream processing
  4. Batch, fed-batch and continuous
  5. Downstream processing
  6. What bioprocessing makes

Bioremediation

  1. Sewage and its oxygen demand
  2. The sewage treatment plant
  3. Solid waste and its management
  4. Composting
  5. Biomedical and radioactive waste
  6. Pesticides and why they linger
  7. Bioremediation in action

Recent Innovations in Biotechnology

  1. Biofuels
  2. Breaking down and making green
  3. Second-generation GM crops
  4. CRISPR crops and regenerative medicine
  5. Nanobiotechnology
  6. Synthetic biology and the future

Entrepreneurship

  1. Who an entrepreneur is
  2. Start-ups and funding
  3. The biotech entrepreneur
  4. IPR and patents
  5. Other kinds of IP
  6. Biopiracy and India's defence