Physical and Physiological Aspects of Physical Education and Sports
Factors affecting growth and development
Identify which factor is at work in an example.
Heredity passes traits from parents: height, build, hair and eye colour, intelligence, temperament. Environment (physical, social, psychological; natural and social) works with heredity like seed and soil.
Gender: boys are usually taller and heavier, but girls grow earlier in adolescence. Nutrition: enough calories and nutrients are needed; malnutrition harms growth.
Exercise: use builds muscle and strength (better blood flow, nutrients and oxygen); disuse causes atrophy.
Hormones from endocrine (ductless) glands regulate growth: thyroxin for bone and muscle growth, adrenaline for heart rate and blood sugar, and sex hormones from the gonads.
Learning and reinforcement ('learning by doing and getting results'), pollution (air pollution, lead from old paint harms children's brains) and socio-economic status (nutrition, facilities, family size) also matter.
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