Athletics: relays, jumps and throws

Relays (4 x 100 m, 4 x 400 m): a squad of six, four run, each a quarter of the distance with a baton passed inside the exchange zone. Passes: downward, upward (easier for new runners) and push pass. Only the runner who drops the baton may pick it up.

Long jump: runway 40-45 m, take-off board 20 cm wide and 10 cm thick, pit 2.75-3 m wide. Phases: runway, take-off, flight, landing; styles sail, hang and hitch-kick. Everyone gets three jumps, the best eight get three more.

High jump: runway at least 15 m, landing area 6 m x 4 m, crossbar 4 m long weighing 2 kg. Techniques: scissor, western roll, straddle and the popular Fosbury Flop. Take off from one foot; three failures in a row eliminate.

Shot put: circle 2.135 m, sector 34.92 degrees, shot 7.260 kg (men) and 4 kg (women). Hold it at the base of the fingers, below the ear by the jaw; glide or rotate across the circle and push it out.

Discus: circle 2.50 m, discus 2 kg (men) and 1 kg (women); the thrower turns from the back of the circle and slings the discus with a straight arm.