Gymnastics

Gymnastics began in ancient Greece about 2500 years ago; the FIG was formed in 1881. In India the GFI began in 1951; Khushi Ram and Veer Singh were India's first Olympic gymnasts (Helsinki 1952); Dipa Karmakar finished fourth on vault at Rio 2016 with the Produnova.

Men have six apparatus: floor, pommel horse, Roman rings, vaulting table, parallel bars, horizontal bar. Women have four: vaulting table, uneven bars, balancing beam, floor.

Some sizes: uneven bars upper 2.50 m and lower 1.70 m; horizontal bar 2.80 m high; pommel horse 1.15 m high with pommels 40-45 cm apart; rings hang on 3 m straps 50 cm apart; floor 12 m x 12 m.

Advanced skills: cartwheel and back handspring (flic-flac) on the beam, kip on the uneven bars, forward scissor on the pommel horse.

Evaluation in the chapter: each element is worth 5 points; floor has four elements (20 points) and other apparatus two each (10 points); boys' total 70, girls' 50.