Judo

Judo, 'the gentle way', was created by Jigoro Kano in Japan in 1882 from the older ju-jutsu. Men's judo entered the Olympics at Tokyo 1964, women's at Barcelona 1992; the IJF governs it.

India: the Judo Federation of India was formed in 1965, the first nationals were at Hyderabad in 1966, and at the 1986 Seoul Asian Games India won four bronze medals.

Techniques: standing (tachi-waza), hip, leg and hand throws, hold-downs, arm locks and chokes.

A bout lasts four minutes with a referee and two judges. Ippon (a clean throw onto the back, a submission or a 20-second hold) wins at once; waza-ari is the lesser score (10-second hold). Penalties: shido (minor) and hansoku-make (disqualification, or three shidos). A tie goes to golden score.

Competition area at least 14 m x 14 m: contest area 8-10 m square, safety area at least 3 m in another colour. Terms: hajime (start), mate (stop), sore-made (time up), osae-komi (hold), toketa (hold broken), kuzushi (breaking balance).