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Class 12

Geography: India: People and Economy

52 lessons in 9 chapters, explained in plain words.

Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

  1. Where India's people live
  2. Density of population
  3. Growth of population: four phases
  4. Regional variation, adolescents and youth
  5. Rural-urban, language and religion
  6. India's workers

Human Settlements

  1. Settlements: rural and urban
  2. Types of rural settlement
  3. Towns: evolution and urbanisation
  4. Functional classification of towns

Land Resources and Agriculture

  1. Land-use categories
  2. Land-use changes and common property
  3. Agricultural land use, seasons and farming types
  4. Cereals
  5. Pulses, oilseeds, fibres and plantation crops
  6. Agricultural development since Independence
  7. Problems of Indian agriculture

Water Resources

  1. India's water resources
  2. Lagoons and the demand for water
  3. Irrigation and groundwater depletion
  4. Water quality and pollution
  5. Conservation: reuse and watershed management
  6. Rainwater harvesting and water policy

Mineral and Energy Resources

  1. What minerals are
  2. Mineral belts of India
  3. Ferrous minerals
  4. Non-ferrous and non-metallic minerals
  5. Conventional energy: coal, oil, gas and nuclear
  6. Non-conventional energy and conservation

Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

  1. Planning: sectoral and regional
  2. Target area and target group planning
  3. Case study: Bharmaur tribal region
  4. The idea of sustainable development
  5. Case study: Indira Gandhi Canal command area

Transport and Communication

  1. Transport and roads
  2. Highways, corridors and border roads
  3. Railways
  4. Water transport
  5. Air transport and pipelines
  6. Communication networks

International Trade

  1. India's foreign trade and its balance
  2. What India exports
  3. What India imports
  4. Direction of trade and ports as gateways
  5. West coast ports
  6. East coast ports and airports

Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

  1. Pollution and water pollution
  2. Air and noise pollution
  3. Urban waste disposal
  4. Rural-urban migration
  5. Slums
  6. Land degradation